Advanced
Layer 2 scaling and rollups
How rollups extend base-layer blockchains — and the trade-offs involved.
8 min read
Why scale off-chain
Base layers prioritise security and decentralisation; Layer 2 networks execute transactions elsewhere and settle results on the base layer.
Optimistic vs ZK
Optimistic rollups assume batches are valid and allow fraud proofs during a challenge window. ZK rollups post validity proofs, enabling faster finality at the cost of proving complexity.
What to watch
Sequencer decentralisation, upgrade keys, data availability and bridge design all affect risk.